1-2G/3G: SGSN, GGSN

2-4G (EPC): MME, SGW, PGW, PCRF, HSS, ePDG, DNS, IMS

3-5G (5GC): AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, UDM, AUSF, NRF, NSSF

4-Solid grasp of network interfaces: S1, S5/S8, S11, S6a, Gx, Gy, N1, N2, N3, N4, N6, N10, etc.

5-Huawei: UGW9811, MME/SAE-GW, SEGW, PCRF, U2020/ME60/NE40

6-Control & User Plane protocols: GTP-C/U, S1AP, Diameter, SIP, SCTP

7-Other protocols: DNS, IPsec, HTTP/2 (5G), PFCP (for 5G user plane)

8-Ability to trace and analyze signaling messages using tools like:

9-Wireshark, TShark, QXDM, TEMS, or vendor-specific tools

10-Performance management (counters/KPIs)/Configuration management/Alarm/fault monitoring (Huawei U2020)

11-Bearer establishment issues/detach failures/Handover issues/latency degradation

12-Strong understanding of service-level KPIs, call flows, and failure cases.

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